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The article is the result of a search for an optimal model of data analysis in a study on scoring comparability and rater effect in upper secondary school leaving examination in Polish language and mathematics. The first part briefly outlines the theory on rater effect. Mainly the measurement aspect is presented, the psychological bases of the scoring process are not discussed. In the second part selected models of rater effect analysis are described. Amongst them, the hierarchical rater model with signal detection theory is considered as covering the broadest range of different types of rater effect. This model was used in simulations to check its usefulness for data analysis of upper secondary school leaving examination in Poland.
The article poses a question regarding the space for interpretation of poetry, especially facing the challenge of contemporary literature teaching. The author is highly influenced by Marjorie Perloff’s remarks and tries to reconstruct the principles which would make it possible to read a poem closely. In the final part of the article the author considers two methods for stimulation of close reading in the particular light of New Media developments.
The article presents a study concerning reasoning skills as part of the “School of independent thinking” research project. A representative group of students from five types of schools was surveyed: primary school – fourth class; high school – the first class; technical and trade schools – the first and the final years at those levels. The analysis revealed pupils’ vision of school, education and some information about their values. The vast majority declared in their essays the need of existing such an educational institution as school. Among the values most frequently pupils mentioned about education, friendship, interesting work, love, safety, health or tolerance.
The article presents an analysis of data gathered to assess the package “Playing with pictograms”. The package is intended as support for the development of symbolic language skills by influencing the way teachers teach mathematics during the first years of primary school. The research was conducted using a cluster-randomised repeated measures experimental design with a control group. The main research problem investigated change in the level of relevant student skills, specifically associated with the package. IRT modeling and multilevel regression were employed in the analysis. Results demonstrated significant improvement in the use of symbolic language derived from the package.
The article presents an efficiency evaluation for teaching and research in Polish institutions of higher education. Thirty one public universities in Poland were studied using the nonparametric DEA method from 2001 to 2008. Teaching outcomes were evaluated by the numbers of full-time and part-time graduates, while research activities were assessed by number of publications, citations and value of research grants. The scores for teaching and research efficiency were negatively correlated, which could indicate a trade-off between teaching and research activities.
The article presents the analysis of data gathered to assess the package “We play pictograms”. The package is intended as support for the development of symbolic language skills by influencing the way teachers teach mathematics during the first years of primary school. The research was conducted using a cluster-randomized repeated measures experimental design with a control group. The main research problem investigated change in the level of relevant student skills, specifically associated with the package. IRT modeling and multilevel regression were employed in the analysis. Results demonstrated significant improvement in the use of symbolic language derived from the package.
The article presents the author’s strategy for teaching literature and media studies, the goal of which is to, encourage sustained and more serious reading of literature and appreciation of other worthy texts within the school system. The author refers to cognitive film theory as well as to experience of literature teaching and criticism. The core of the proposition is to encourage educators to launch a school strategy of text evaluation after categorization. The author also recommends a comparison of literature with filmic texts. The strategy described in the article equips pupils with the chance to use the critic’s technique during lessons. It may offer an opportunity to revitalize the teaching of literature, literary appreciation and film studies.
The article presents the career aspirations of parents of primary school students in relation to their children. In years 2011 and 2014 twice was examined the same sample (of approximately 5000 parents). Aspirations of parents are concentrated mainly in professions requiring higher education and training, and they are very stable. There is a clear division in the professions of „female” and „male” types. Parental aspirations have not noted the impact of change manners, and situation in the labour market. The research results are discussed on the background of the results of similar studies conducted in recent years.
The article presents the impact of the introduction of lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-Fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, middle and popular) and each of them produces a specific lifestyle and style of education. The education style of a class provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realised in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). The changes taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in western countries. They include the economisation of education, the parameterisation and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organised in 2013–2014: Cultural practices of the working class (120 IDIs) and Class differences in cultural practices in the North-Eastern Poland (60 IDIs). The findings become the basis of formulating new theoretical and research proposals for the field of education.
The article presents the impact of the introduction of the lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working and rural classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, lower secondary and popular) and each of them produces a specific class lifestyle and class style of education. The class style of education provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realized in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). Changes that have been taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that have taken place in the 1980s and 1990s in Western countries. They include the economization of education, the parameterization and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organized in 2013–2014: “Cultural practices of the popular class” (120 IDIs) and “The class diversity of cultural practices in north-eastern Poland” (60 IDIs).
The article presents the methodology and results of a survey on equating the lower secondary school examinations from 2002–2010. The survey was carried out by the Student Performance Analysis Unit at the Educational Research Institute. More than 10 000 students were selected for the equating study and information about more than 500 items was used. IRT models were used for equating exams, the results were presented on a latent variable scale and the observed score scale. Using this procedure, it was possible to isolate random difficulty variation between exam papers from specific years and present changes in ability level of students taking the exam. Based on the results, the level of humanities abilities of lower secondary school leavers was stable, whilst maths and science demonstrated a downward trend. Equating was validated by comparison with the results of the international PISA survey. Results for the arts and humanities were consistent with the PISA results for reading literacy. Maths and science, as compared with the PISA survey maths section demonstrated greater divergence.
The article presents the results from a questionnaire survey on the opinion of parents about pre-school and early school education conducted in 2011. This analysis focuses on school assessment by parents who have at least one child attending school. in analyses, five factors describing parental satisfaction emerged: child satisfaction with school, learning load attractiveness of classes, contact with peers, special classes. Regression analyses were used to examine relations between identified factors and a general assessment of satisfaction with the care and education of the child. The strongest predictors for satisfaction with care and the child’s education are child’s satisfaction with school (factor 1) and attractiveness of classes (factor 3).
The article presents the results of a survey carried out within the framework of the international project: “The profession of pre-primary teacher and primary teacher within a dynamic concept”. The aim was to identify the activities of teachers working in early education. The primary method of data collection was from the self-reported timing of activities as recorded by teachers. Teachers maintained brief retrospective graphical records of their work-related activities both during and outside their working hours. The study involved 1077 teachers, including 641 teachers of grades 1–3 and 436 preschool teachers in Polish, Czech and Slovak schools. The study was conducted at three stages of the school year. The results highlighted the complexity, diversity, multi-dimensionality and multi-level educational practice of teachers in elementary education. Analysis showed that Polish teachers spent less time on both daily and weekly work-related activities than their Czech and Slovak counterparts.
The article presents the results of research aimed at verifying the hypothesis relating to the links between selected subjective and contextual factors and adaptation strategies of a three-year-old child to preschool environment. The research was conducted on a group of 40 children, who began preschool education in 2012. Children were tested with The Denver Developmental Screening Test (the Denver test) and with the Adaptation Strategy Questionnaire (ASQ) developed for the purposes of the research. The results indicate that there exists three strategies which simultaneously constitute the criteria for the level of adaptation of a child to preschool environment: positive (creative adaptation) and negative (anxiety and indifference). Significant statistical correlations between age, psycho-motor development, level of mother’s education and the child’s adaptation strategy have been established. Children of mothers who attained tertiary education, older children, children who achieved a higher level of psycho-motor development more often manifested a positive adaptation strategy. It was, however, revealed that only 15 out of 40 children subject to the examination applied the strategy of creative adaptation. The result is alarming and requires further research in order to identify the factors determining it.
The article presents the review of literary, opera and painting works undertaking the topic of Greek myth of Admetos and Alcestis. Its aim is to make the reader sensitive to different interpretations of ancient tale in Euripides drama beginning with attempts to soothe controversial story, through creative supplements until the reinterpretation of myth in Władysław Odojewski novel Oksana. The author recommends Oksana for school reading as the book that puts the difficult questions and can provoke young people to deeper reflexion.
The article presents three stages of a social innovation project aiming to create and implement intervention suitable to mitigate peer group exclusion during lower-secondary school transition. Reports and research conducted in schools emphasise the significance and adverse consequences of peer exclusion which rapidly arises during middle school. The first stage of the project consisted of qualitative research conducted in groups of lower-secondary school pupils and teachers. The results highlight the influence of emotional climate in school on pupil wellbeing and the types of pupils most often subjected to exclusion and victimisation. They also indicated that although pupils were aware of the behavioural consequences of exclusion, they tended to underestimate the outcome of their own behaviour in this respect. Foundations for social innovation are presented along with the results of an initial evaluation determining effectiveness.
The attitudes towards history scale (Malicki et al., 2016) was developed according to Szpociński’s (2006) „memory of the past” typology and based on three dimensions of historical experience. The nine theoretically predicted types of attitude towards history could not be confirmed empirically. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded four dimensions, which were confirmed in their definition using other, well described tools for measuring different dimensions of collective memory. In place of a nine dimensional scale, a four dimensional „social memory” scale was proposed for attitudes on: family history; local history; and history as a school subject or history classes; together with collective shame (collective attitude to own group members transgressing national cohesion norms). In the next step, the relationships were investigated between students (N = 3744) and gender, NUTS population size, school grades in history, type of school, parental education and attitudes towards faith and religious practices. The results of the analysis and their discussion form the basis for recommendations in the application of the proposed scale in future empirical studies.
The author starts with a review of theories of educational inequality formulated during the last half-century. This review is complete and up to date and is therefore a useful resource for researchers and educational policy makers. For the purpose of analysis of empirical data the author has chosen a horizontal approach which examines factors influencing choice between available educational paths. The analyses presented in the book include (a) the impact of social background on middle school choice decisions (whether public or private), (b) determining factors for secondary school choice after completing middle school and (c) choice of university and field of study at tertiary level. Although the findings presented are fragmentary and do not provide a picture of the whole system, the book convincingly supports the benefits of a horizontal approach to understanding and explaining educational inequality in Poland. These shortcomings result from the weakness of the available data which were collected in studies following different methodological perspectives in some cases restricted to local communities. Despite these limitations, the book is a valuable summary of current knowledge about horizontal inequalities in Poland and at the same time identifies areas which require further research.
The authors identify two sets of individual and educational needs. Specific educational needs arise at points along the unique path of human development, formed by life experience and universal developmental changes. These in turn are determined by both biological factors and social influences. These needs in education are responded to by: (a) creation of conditions conducive to satisfy the needs central to a given developmental stage; (b) variation of teaching methods according to these needs; and (c) adaptation of help methods to pupil learning characteristics and any social problems. Special educational needs are characteristic for children differing from their peers as a result of deficits or excesses in somatic, mental or social activity. These deficits and excesses are variously expressed at every stage following the prenatal period. Designing appropriate help demands complete diagnosis of the development of a child, the quality of their environment and the quality of their relationship with the environment. Help should be accompanied with a clear knowledge of the motives and intervention plan. This should respect the actual social-cultural situation of a child and all future perspectives.
The authors of the article give a critical analysis of the essay evaluation criteria used in the final lower secondary school examinations in the years 2002–2011. Subsequently they present the attempts at preparing a holistic scale of essay evaluation undertaken at the Educational Research Institute. The attempts eventually resulted in the implementation of a significant modification in the essay evaluation criteria, which provided an inspiration for the team working on the modernization of the final general lower secondary school of Polish language examination.
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