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The article presents the impact of the introduction of lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-Fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, middle and popular) and each of them produces a specific lifestyle and style of education. The education style of a class provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realised in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). The changes taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in western countries. They include the economisation of education, the parameterisation and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organised in 2013–2014: Cultural practices of the working class (120 IDIs) and Class differences in cultural practices in the North-Eastern Poland (60 IDIs). The findings become the basis of formulating new theoretical and research proposals for the field of education.
The article presents the impact of the introduction of the lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working and rural classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, lower secondary and popular) and each of them produces a specific class lifestyle and class style of education. The class style of education provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realized in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). Changes that have been taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that have taken place in the 1980s and 1990s in Western countries. They include the economization of education, the parameterization and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organized in 2013–2014: “Cultural practices of the popular class” (120 IDIs) and “The class diversity of cultural practices in north-eastern Poland” (60 IDIs).
The article presents the methodology and results of a survey on equating the lower secondary school examinations from 2002–2010. The survey was carried out by the Student Performance Analysis Unit at the Educational Research Institute. More than 10 000 students were selected for the equating study and information about more than 500 items was used. IRT models were used for equating exams, the results were presented on a latent variable scale and the observed score scale. Using this procedure, it was possible to isolate random difficulty variation between exam papers from specific years and present changes in ability level of students taking the exam. Based on the results, the level of humanities abilities of lower secondary school leavers was stable, whilst maths and science demonstrated a downward trend. Equating was validated by comparison with the results of the international PISA survey. Results for the arts and humanities were consistent with the PISA results for reading literacy. Maths and science, as compared with the PISA survey maths section demonstrated greater divergence.
The article presents the results from a questionnaire survey on the opinion of parents about pre-school and early school education conducted in 2011. This analysis focuses on school assessment by parents who have at least one child attending school. in analyses, five factors describing parental satisfaction emerged: child satisfaction with school, learning load attractiveness of classes, contact with peers, special classes. Regression analyses were used to examine relations between identified factors and a general assessment of satisfaction with the care and education of the child. The strongest predictors for satisfaction with care and the child’s education are child’s satisfaction with school (factor 1) and attractiveness of classes (factor 3).
The article presents the results of a survey carried out within the framework of the international project: “The profession of pre-primary teacher and primary teacher within a dynamic concept”. The aim was to identify the activities of teachers working in early education. The primary method of data collection was from the self-reported timing of activities as recorded by teachers. Teachers maintained brief retrospective graphical records of their work-related activities both during and outside their working hours. The study involved 1077 teachers, including 641 teachers of grades 1–3 and 436 preschool teachers in Polish, Czech and Slovak schools. The study was conducted at three stages of the school year. The results highlighted the complexity, diversity, multi-dimensionality and multi-level educational practice of teachers in elementary education. Analysis showed that Polish teachers spent less time on both daily and weekly work-related activities than their Czech and Slovak counterparts.
The article presents the results of research aimed at verifying the hypothesis relating to the links between selected subjective and contextual factors and adaptation strategies of a three-year-old child to preschool environment. The research was conducted on a group of 40 children, who began preschool education in 2012. Children were tested with The Denver Developmental Screening Test (the Denver test) and with the Adaptation Strategy Questionnaire (ASQ) developed for the purposes of the research. The results indicate that there exists three strategies which simultaneously constitute the criteria for the level of adaptation of a child to preschool environment: positive (creative adaptation) and negative (anxiety and indifference). Significant statistical correlations between age, psycho-motor development, level of mother’s education and the child’s adaptation strategy have been established. Children of mothers who attained tertiary education, older children, children who achieved a higher level of psycho-motor development more often manifested a positive adaptation strategy. It was, however, revealed that only 15 out of 40 children subject to the examination applied the strategy of creative adaptation. The result is alarming and requires further research in order to identify the factors determining it.
The article presents the review of literary, opera and painting works undertaking the topic of Greek myth of Admetos and Alcestis. Its aim is to make the reader sensitive to different interpretations of ancient tale in Euripides drama beginning with attempts to soothe controversial story, through creative supplements until the reinterpretation of myth in Władysław Odojewski novel Oksana. The author recommends Oksana for school reading as the book that puts the difficult questions and can provoke young people to deeper reflexion.
The article presents three stages of a social innovation project aiming to create and implement intervention suitable to mitigate peer group exclusion during lower-secondary school transition. Reports and research conducted in schools emphasise the significance and adverse consequences of peer exclusion which rapidly arises during middle school. The first stage of the project consisted of qualitative research conducted in groups of lower-secondary school pupils and teachers. The results highlight the influence of emotional climate in school on pupil wellbeing and the types of pupils most often subjected to exclusion and victimisation. They also indicated that although pupils were aware of the behavioural consequences of exclusion, they tended to underestimate the outcome of their own behaviour in this respect. Foundations for social innovation are presented along with the results of an initial evaluation determining effectiveness.
Assessment of physical education teachers’ approaches to health aspects of physical education lessons was the aim of the study in the context of objectives for new regulations in education – taking a leading role in health education. 1544 secondary school leavers and 444 teachers of physical education, were investigated. The method chosen for this research was diagnostic survey, a survey technique using questionnaires created by the European Association for Physical Education and the author. Examined teachers ranked the importance of the healthy aspects of physical education, a healthy life style and health in the hierarchy of the objectives of physical education. Approximately 40% of pupils reported that teachers were not a source of knowledge about health – as many as 15,4% of school-girls and 19,4% of school-boys claimed they had not encountered discussion of health during physical education. Teachers of this subject are not role models for healthy life styles according to 32% of school-girls and almost 40% of school-boys. It seems appropriate to revise universities’ training courses for future teachers of physical education. Competence in promoting health and health education should be prioritized for this group. Improving methods and organizing activities for the propagation of health information – increasing the weight of academic training as applied to physical education, seems to be especially important.
The attitudes towards history scale (Malicki et al., 2016) was developed according to Szpociński’s (2006) „memory of the past” typology and based on three dimensions of historical experience. The nine theoretically predicted types of attitude towards history could not be confirmed empirically. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded four dimensions, which were confirmed in their definition using other, well described tools for measuring different dimensions of collective memory. In place of a nine dimensional scale, a four dimensional „social memory” scale was proposed for attitudes on: family history; local history; and history as a school subject or history classes; together with collective shame (collective attitude to own group members transgressing national cohesion norms). In the next step, the relationships were investigated between students (N = 3744) and gender, NUTS population size, school grades in history, type of school, parental education and attitudes towards faith and religious practices. The results of the analysis and their discussion form the basis for recommendations in the application of the proposed scale in future empirical studies.
The author starts with a review of theories of educational inequality formulated during the last half-century. This review is complete and up to date and is therefore a useful resource for researchers and educational policy makers. For the purpose of analysis of empirical data the author has chosen a horizontal approach which examines factors influencing choice between available educational paths. The analyses presented in the book include (a) the impact of social background on middle school choice decisions (whether public or private), (b) determining factors for secondary school choice after completing middle school and (c) choice of university and field of study at tertiary level. Although the findings presented are fragmentary and do not provide a picture of the whole system, the book convincingly supports the benefits of a horizontal approach to understanding and explaining educational inequality in Poland. These shortcomings result from the weakness of the available data which were collected in studies following different methodological perspectives in some cases restricted to local communities. Despite these limitations, the book is a valuable summary of current knowledge about horizontal inequalities in Poland and at the same time identifies areas which require further research.
The authors identify two sets of individual and educational needs. Specific educational needs arise at points along the unique path of human development, formed by life experience and universal developmental changes. These in turn are determined by both biological factors and social influences. These needs in education are responded to by: (a) creation of conditions conducive to satisfy the needs central to a given developmental stage; (b) variation of teaching methods according to these needs; and (c) adaptation of help methods to pupil learning characteristics and any social problems. Special educational needs are characteristic for children differing from their peers as a result of deficits or excesses in somatic, mental or social activity. These deficits and excesses are variously expressed at every stage following the prenatal period. Designing appropriate help demands complete diagnosis of the development of a child, the quality of their environment and the quality of their relationship with the environment. Help should be accompanied with a clear knowledge of the motives and intervention plan. This should respect the actual social-cultural situation of a child and all future perspectives.
The authors of the article give a critical analysis of the essay evaluation criteria used in the final lower secondary school examinations in the years 2002–2011. Subsequently they present the attempts at preparing a holistic scale of essay evaluation undertaken at the Educational Research Institute. The attempts eventually resulted in the implementation of a significant modification in the essay evaluation criteria, which provided an inspiration for the team working on the modernization of the final general lower secondary school of Polish language examination.
Białobrzeski, Marcin (ca 1530-1586). Adr. ded.
Borderline intelligence is the level of intellectual ability located between -1.01 and - 2.00 standard deviations, i.e. between the average level and intellectual disability. People with borderline intellectual function constitute one of the most neglected groups, both in education as well as the social system. Despite the fact that these individuals represent a significant portion of our society (14% of the population), their problems remain ignored or overlooked. The aim of this paper is to deepen the reader's knowledge about the problems experienced by children and adolescents with borderline intelligence in their cognitive and psychosocial functioning and the contribution of recent international research to this field.
Boredom is frequently associated with primary or secondary education, however it is present in the university milieu as well. Students acknowledge this, university staff less willingly, but periodic boredom is a fact. This text briefly discusses the state of research on boredom in higher education and presents the preliminary results of a qualitative study conducted among teaching and research staff of the University of Warsaw (individual in-depth interviews, participant observation) on the phenomenon of boredom in the academic community. The article presents teachers’ perception and definition of boredom and their experiences with boredom resulting from their work at the university (research, teaching and organisational-administrative activities).
Charts are published in separate file
Chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. It is not a natural skill, so the conscious inclusion of tasks stimulating that skill in teaching is crucial. It is important to appropriately test students’ chronological skills by means of well-constructed examination tasks administered at the conclusion of subsequent stages of education. The authors discuss tasks that assess chronological thinking included in contemporary exam papers in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA and the United Kingdom. The tasks included in Polish arts and humanities exam papers at the lower secondary school level in the years 2002–2011 and the first history paper (2012) are then analysed. The final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the Educational Research Institute.
Chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. It is not a natural skill, so the conscious inclusion of tasks stimulating that skill in teaching is crucial. It is important to appropriately test students’ chronological skills by means of well--constructed examination tasks administered at the conclusion of subsequent stages of education. The authors discuss tasks that assess chronological thinking included in contemporary exam papers in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA and the United Kingdom. The tasks included in Polish arts and humanities exam papers at the lower secondary school level in the years 2002–2011 and the first history paper (2012) are then analysed. The final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the Educational Research Institute.
The concept of music performance achievement or musical achievement is variably understood and operationalised in different ways in research. Assessing the level of instrumental music performance is a complex task, requiring the assessment of many aspects of music performance. The aim of this article is to analyse (a) the ways achievement in music performance is understood, (b) factors affecting the assessment of instrumental music performance, and (c) tools used to measure such achievements. We describe the distinctions made in terms of the level of music expertise attained and the quality of the performance. We also present factors considered when assessing performance achievement: types of musical performance tasks, choice of repertoire, assessment criteria, such as the overall impression of the performance, technical ability, expressive components, and the basic parameters of the quality of the performance. Finally, we discuss available assessment tools, indicating their limitations.
The concept of music performance achievement or musical attainment is variably understood and operationalized in different ways in research. Assessing the level of music instrumental performance is a complex task, requiring the assessment of many aspects of music performance. The aim of this article is to analyze (a) the ways achievement in music performance is understood, (b) factors affecting the assessment of instrumental music performance, and (c) tools used to measure such achievements. We describe the distinctions made in terms of the level of music expertise attained and the quality of the performance. We also present factors considered when assessing performance achievement: types of musical performance tasks, choice of repertoire, assessment criteria, such as an overall impression of the performance, technical ability, expressive components, and the basic parameters of the quality of the performance. Finally, we discuss available assessment tools, indicating their limitations.
The contemporary “reading” of history and the narrative of the past can assume various forms, one of which are museum exhibitions, including narratives presented by history museums. The purpose of this article is to provide a reflection on the account of the Second World War, presented at the exhibition Cracow under Nazi Occupation from 1939 to 1945 in Schindler's Factory, which is now part of the Historical Museum of Cracow. A visible change has been observed over several years in the way of organizing exhibitions in Polish museums, which combines various techniques of presentation in the form of a specific collage. How does this exhibition narrate the past? By what means do its authors compose this narrative? And, finally, can a modernly designed exhibition touch such a painful subject as war and how can it do that? Places that commemorate the events of the Nazi occupation have so far found themselves in different parts of Cracow. Therefore, the memories of them seemed to be fragmentary. The authors of the exhibition in Schindler's Factory have endeavoured to unify these memories of the wartime experiences of Cracow and its inhabitants. Further deliberations are preceeded by a brief outline of the history of museology, with particular emphasis placed on its contemporary dimension, that is, the so-called open or narrative museum.
The content of this publication is copyrighted. You may access the digital edition through the computers at the premises of the Jagiellonian Library and Collegium Medicum – based on the Act on Copyright and Related Rights from February 1994, Article 28, point 3 (consolidated text: Dz.U. of 2006, No. 90, item 631).
The content of this publication is copyrighted. You may access the digital edition through the computers at the premises of the Jagiellonian Library – based on the Act on Copyright and Related Rights from February 1994, Article 28, point 3 (consolidated text: Dz.U. of 2006, No. 90, item 631).
Czermińska, Karolina (17..-180.). Adr. ded.
Data gathered in the country companion to PISA 2006 was analyzed to determine the influence of family size on educational performance. The representative sample consisted of 4451 pupils aged 17–18 from all types of secondary school in Poland. Two variables described a pupil’s position in the family: birth order and number of younger siblings. Four hypotheses were tested: (1) academic performance is more strongly determined by birth order than number of younger siblings and with increasing birth order there is a decrease in (2) performance, (3) the likelihood of choice of school which prepares for further education, and (4) orientation towards adult values. Hierarchical linear models confirmed the hypotheses.
Decentralisation of education, as for any other public service, is associated with the risk of increasing spatial inequality with respect to the inputs and the quality of the service. Most countries try to prevent a rise in inequality by establishing national standards for educational services and through redistribution of financial resources for neutralisation of the effect of an uneven local tax base. This study investigates the effectiveness of these measures in Poland. Using panel data at a municipal level, it was shown that, despite the various compensatory instruments employed by central government, the local tax base significantly influences local spending on lower secondary schools. Average teaching time and additional services offered to students in the poorest with the most affluent Polish municipalities were compared. The findings showed that teaching time in the rich and poor local school systems did not significantly vary. There was no significant difference in the mean teacher hourly wage. The more affluent and poorer municipalities do however differ with respect to individual support and additional services offered to students.
Decentralisation of education is associated with risk of increased spatial inequality in terms of inputs and the quality of service, as with other public services. Most countries attempt to prevent inequality both through establishment of national standards for educational services and the redistribution of financial resources to neutralise the effect of uneven local tax bases. This study investigates the effectiveness of these measures in Poland. Using panel data at a municipal level, it was shown that, despite the various compensatory instruments employed by central government, the local tax base significantly influences local spending on lower secondary schools. Average teaching time and additional services offered to students were compared between the most affluent and the poorest Polish gminas (municipalities). The findings indicated that teaching time did not vary significantly according to prosperity. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean teacher hourly wage. However, more affluent and poorer municipalities differed with respect to individual support and additional services offered to students.
Differential item functioning (DIF) between different forms of test booklets was analysed. Both test forms shared the same items and only the sequence of options for the multiple choice items differed. Analysis was performed on 2013 data from two forms, A and B of “The history and civic studies” test administered in lower secondary schools in the Lubelskie, Malopolskie and Podkarpackie Voivodeships (n = 81 545). To detect DIF, the Mantel–Haenshel test, logistic regression and standardisation were used. Methods for DIF visualisation were demonstrated. Results indicated meaningful differences in item functioning between test forms, especially with a repeat letter pattern of answer keys on items bundled in testlet when correctly answered, e.g. A, A, A. Such a pattern is named an ‘anti-pattern’, because test takers may consider such a response pattern unlikely and in consequence answer incorrectly. Findings from this study should provide important guidelines for test development.
Education for sustainable development ought, inter alia, to shape and strengthen the ability to make judgments and decisions in favor of safer, healthier and more prosperous world, and should develop critical thinking and develop ecological awareness. In this context the aspect of environmental awareness and the related choice of means of transport can be discussed.This article presents the results of research regarding the choice of means of communication by students. The study was carried out by a questionnaire among students in Krakow. The results of the research are presented in context of available communication possibilities in Krakow, which are also characterized.Studies have shown that the level of environmental awareness of students is still not satisfactory. Behind their declared concern for the environment do not follow the attitudes and behavior supporting this concern. The most important is their own comfort, even more important than their own health and condition. The care for the environment recedes into the background.
Educational aspirations of parents of pupils in fourth grade of primary schools (N = 4931) in a nationwide survey are reported. Aspirations were analysed according to three perspectives: the highest wished for, feasible (anticipated) and the lowest acceptable. Parents had very high aspirations in relation to the education of their children (more than 80% wanted them to enter higher education), 60% expressed confidence in such success. Aspirations were most strongly determined by the education of parents (a direct linear correlation) and to a lesser extent, place of residence and sex of the child were influential. The results showed the sustained high educational aspirations of Polish society, despite the fact that education is losing importance as a factor to guarantee high income and social standing.
Environmental education as broadly understood may be offered in both formal and informal educational settings. Such education may not only occur in classrooms, museums and education centers of national parks but also directly in the field. Field trips can be beneficial in many ways, stimulating improvement in learning and recall, helping to cultivate interest in natural history. Therefore, it seems relevant to assess the merits of the field setting for learning in the context of school activities and various other types informal education, whether organized or not. The article describes ways to derive educational value from the natural environment. Criteria, as applied to such assessment were reviewed with discussion of the methodological difficulties faced in the study of the intrinsic educational potential of the natural environment.
Executive function and academic success were studied in children aged 7 and 8, in the first year of primary school. Two measurements of executive functions were made: cognitive flexibility and capacity for abstract thinking. Two tools were used for their measurement, one based on the WCST test and the other on DCCS. School attainment was measured from three perspectives. Parent perspective was measured by a questionnaire, students were interviewed and school grades were used as the third measure. Cognitive flexibility correlated with school success from each perspective, p < .05. However, capacity for abstract thinking correlated with school success only in the student perspective.
Executive functions as a complex and multidimensional construct play an important role in self-regulation.Ability to manage one’s own thoughts and behaviour in a conscious, purposeful, and planned way is a veryimportant factor also in terms of school readiness. There are data indicating that the level of executive functionsis stronger predictor of school achievement than the level of intelligence (Blair, 2003). The development ofexecutive functions is conditioned both biologically and environmentally. It is therefore particularly importantto reflect on the educational requirements of the development of these processes, especially in the face of theongoing debate on lowering of school age in Poland. Our aim is to present the issues of development ofexecutive functions and their importance for the functioning in preschool and school environment, taking intoaccount both cognitive and socio-emotional context.
Findings from research conducted in group of 373 students from three schools on characteristics of early adolescent identity emerged from cluster analysis. Three types emerged: diffused (32%), moratorium (27%) and achievement identities (41%). Analysis of variance (MANCOVA) showed that there was no significant difference between socio-demographic indicators (gender, socio-economic family status), level of social maladjustment and experience of shame for individuals according to identity status. Socialmaladjustment only differentiated at the level of family or colleagues – at a significant but moderate level in a group with diffused, moratorium and achievement identities.
For many years the vast majority of adult Poles have not participated in any form of education. The conclusions from five years of the research project “Human Capital Balance” indicate that the main reason for this situation is neither cost, nor time required for training. It is primarily the lack of sufficient incentive in the work environment. However, the development of the lifelong learning system should be considered from a broader perspective, as a tool supporting the development of a knowledge-based economy. This article discusses the major issues and challenges facing the system for adult learning, including development of adequate public policy, demographic challenges, changes of career paths, the role of employers and organizational policies, the relationship of human capital development and social inequalities, and problems in the training market. We point out the key success factors and the main objectives which should guide development.
For several decades now, there has been growing interest in lifelong learning, resulting in the increasing significance of adult education. This is creating major new challenges for higher education institutions – the growing importance of non-traditional students is forcing them to redefine their current strategies. The aim of this article, besides presenting the determinants of the processes that are occurring, is to indicate the usefulness of resource dependence theory in analysing the institutional activities (strategies) of higher education institutions in response to the growing importance of adult education. This theory explains organisational behaviour in the context of the dynamics of the external environment. It assumes that behaviour is shaped by the availability of external resources and defines the strengthening of relationships with external stakeholders as one of the strategies of gaining resources. Managing alumni relations will be discussed in the text, as this is a group of potential consumers of different forms of adult education.
The four-parameter logistic model assumes that even high ability examinees can make mistakes (e.g. due to carelessness). This phenomenon was reflected by the non-zero upper asymptote (d-parameter) of the IRT logistic curve. Research on 4PLM has been hampered, since the model has been considered conceptually and computationally complicated – and its usefulness has been questioned. After 25 years, following introduction of appropriate software, the psychometric characteristics of 4PLM and the model’s usefulness can be assessed more reliably. The aim of this article is to show whether 4PLM can be used to detect item-writing flaws (which introduce construct-irrelevant variance to the measurement). Analysis was conducted in two steps: (a) qualitative – assessment of compliance of items with the chosen item-writing guidelines, (b) quantitative – fitting 4PLM to compare the results with qualitative analysis – to determine whether the same items were detected as flawed. Other IRT models (3PLM and 2PLM) were also fitted to check the validity of results. Flawed items can be detected by the means of qualitative analysis as well as by 4PLM and simpler IRT models. This model is discussed from the perspective of practical use in educational research.
The goal of this paper – set in the context of the reform to lower the school starting age in Poland – is to investigate the determinants of parental decisions to enrol their six-year-old children in the 1st grade versus leaving them in preschool or preparatory class. It was found that starting school before the compulsory term occurs primarily in response to objective symptoms of a child’s readiness for school, but there is also some evidence for a deliberate investment in education by parents with a higher socio-economic status. Finally, early enrolment may also be driven by a cost-reducing strategy. The discussion highlights the possible reasons for the political failure of school age reform, which was recently cancelled after having been gradually introduced for six years.
Grzybowski, Stefan Dobrogost ( -post 1644). Adr. ded.
Guessing and item omission may be regarded as risk-taking or risk-avoidance strategies – sex specific adaptations to testing situations. In this article, these phenomena were analysed by (a) percentage of omissions by sex, (b) negative binomial regression to asses sex differences in the number of omissions, (c) c-DIF analysis using IRT-LR test and (d) linear regression using item attributes, to assess whether the c-parameter is sex differentiated by the percentage of omits (controlling item difficulty). The data set analysed were from the 2012–2014 Polish lower-secondary schools final exams, comprising tests in maths, language, science and humanities. Contrary to the vast body of literature, boys omitted items slightly more frequently than girls. Possible explanations of this finding – specific to the Polish examination system – were provided. The hypothesis of a higher c-parameter for boys did not find strong support from this study. It was shown that the c-parameter should not only be interpreted as resulting from item non-omission. This supports the modern concept of the c-parameter as a consequence not only of random guessing, but also problem solving, creative guessing or cheating.
Herburt, Walenty (1524-1572). Adr. ded.
http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/227983 Współwydane z 67135 I
http://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/240723 Współwydane z 67136 I
The idea of the so-called “liber mundi”, that is, a book that gathers all human knowledge, allows to travel at will in space and time as well as to speak various languages, goes back to the Middle Ages. The development of science and technology as well as the process of globalisation result in the “shrinking” of the contemporary world. We live in a reality where for the first time the ideas from five centuries ago have a chance to become reality, where knowledge, books, education and communication interpenetrate each other in a multicultural “global web”.
In 1999, as a result of education system reform, a new type of lower secondary school, called “gymnasium”, was introduced in Poland. The main objective of introduction of gymnasium was to equalize education opportunities to rural youth, improve the level of education and extend general education by one year. The reformers foresaw gymnasiums as an independent school, located in new, well-equipped buildings, or as schools functioning alongside existing secondary schools. After 16 years of operation, four institutional models of gymnasium evolved: independent gymnasium, gymnasium together with a primary school with either the same or more narrow catchment area, and gymnasium together with upper secondary school. The article investigates differences in the organizational characteristics for each model of gymnasium, educational outcomes from different types of school, and their spatial distribution.
In 1999, as a result of reforms of the education system, a new type of lower secondary school, called gymnasium, was introduced in Poland. The main objectives of introducing the gymnasium were to equalize the educational opportunities of rural youth, improve the level of education and extend general education by one year. The reformers envisioned gymnasiums as an autonomous school, located in new, well-equipped buildings, or as schools functioning alongside existing secondary schools. After 16 years of operation, four structural models of gymnasiums evolved: autonomous gymnasium, aggregate gymnasium in a complex with a primary school, gymnasium in a complex with a primary school having the same catchment area, and gymnasium with upper secondary school. The article investigates the differences in the organisational characteristics for each model of gymnasium, educational outcomes from different types of school, and their geographic distribution. Results show that even though gymnasiums in a complex with an upper secondary school attain on average the best results on the gymnasium completion exam, the highest scores in teaching effectiveness are achieved by gymnasiums in complexes with a primary school having the same catchment area.
In a reading crisis it is necessary to think about how to encourage young people to be excited about literature. The article presents project-based learning (PBL) as an interesting teaching method which can make reading an unforgettable experience for the student. The teacher in PBL creates a problem scenario to encourage student actions and motivates creative research. The student has the opportunity to experience being a scholar discovering new meanings and inter-textual references. One of the most demanding aspects of PBL is to pose the question that will be the starting point for the project.
In his text published in Edukacja, 141(2), 2017 („Education reform and inequality: fifteen years of new lower secondary schools in Poland”), Zbigniew Sawiński analyses data from the 2000 to 2012 editions of the OECD PISA study and argues that lower secondary school reform has not reduced educational inequalities in Poland. The importance of students’ social origin remained at the same level as before the reform, the impact of social origin on the choice of type of secondary school remained the same, and an increasing differentiation of lower secondary schools did not lead to an increase in educational inequalities. I present methodological arguments and the results of a re-analysis of PISA data, indicating changes in wider educational inequalities. Between 2000 and 2012: (a) the strength of association in the performance of 15-year-olds with the socio-economic status of students’ families did not change, but (b) the variation of results decreased, which was mainly due to the improved performance of the lowest performing students; (c) the differences between students of high and low socio-economic status decreased; (d) the influence of social origin on the choice of the type of upper secondary school decreased. The effects of socio-economic status on upper secondary school choice is largely direct: it is not mediated by the educational achievements of students. The commentary also highlights the complexity of lower secondary school reform, which was not limited to the introduction of such schools. I indicate the role of factors that make it difficult to interpret the results of the reform in causal terms – particularly the role of unobserved variables related to the changes in the learning environments of subsequent cohorts of students.
In his text published in EDUKACJA („Polish lower secondary schools in the face of social inequalities” Edukacja, 135(4), 2015), Zbigniew Sawiński argues that based on the analyses of data from the 2000 to 2012 editions of the OECD PISA study, lower secondary school reform has not reduced educational inequalities in Polish education. The importance of students’ social origin remained at the same level as before the reform, the impact of social origin on the choice of type of secondary school remained the same, and an increasing differentiation of lower secondary schools did not lead to an increase in educational inequalities. The article presents methodological arguments and the results of a re-analysis of PISA data, indicating changes in wider educational inequalities. Between 2000 and 2012: (a) the strength of association in the performance of 15-year-olds with the socio-economic status of students’ families did not change, but (b) the variation of results decreased, which was mainly due to the improved performance of the lowest performing students; (c) the differences between students of high and low socio-economic status decreased; (d) the influence of social origin on the choice of the type of upper secondary school decreased. The effects of socio-economic status on upper secondary school choice is largely direct: it is not mediated by the educational achievements of students. The polemic also highlights the complexity of the so-called lower secondary school reform, which was not only limited to the introduction of such schools. The role of other factors is indicated, which makes it difficult to analyse the results of lower secondary school reform in terms of cause and effect – particularly the role of unobserved variables in the PISA study on changes in the learning environment of subsequent cohorts of study participants.
In longitudinal data, changes in constructs over time can only be sensibly interpreted if the measured variables are assumed to be invariant across time. This article uses the empirical example of The Perceived Peer Integration Questionnaire (PPI) and three rounds of the nationwide study on School conditions of education effectiveness (N = 4349) to illustrate the use of structural equation modeling to systematically test the measurement invariance of the bifactor model across time. The results prove that the PPI questionnaire is a reliable tool; it is substantially one-dimensional, with a bifactor structure, a longitudinally invariant measurement: configural, metric and scalar, but not strict. We can therefore assume that even though the factor patterns, size of factor loadings and thresholds do not differ significantly in successive editions of the study, the level of reliability of the measurement cannot be considered invariant over time. A lower level of measurement reliability was recorded for grade 3 than for grades 5 or 6. The article also shows the consequences of ignoring the assumptions relating to longitudinal invariance on the results of the statistical analysis.
In many countries, including Poland, attention has been focussed on teacher training and in-service training for the teaching of mathematics over recent years. Research has been initiated to identify the relationship between teacher competence and knowledge and skills of their students. This article reviews research conducted in different European countries.
In Polish lower secondary schools biology, chemistry, physics and geography are taught as four separate subjects. School authorities however, can provide lessons during which two or more subjects are taught together. This is known as integrated teaching. A qualitative survey, based on focus group interviews (FGI) and individual in-depth interviews (IDI), was executed to determine how familiar teachers and heads of school were with the idea of integrated teaching, their attitudes towards it and obstacles that hamper its implementation. Results indicate that integrated science teaching is practically absent from Polish lower secondary schools. Although they often had the opinion that all science subjects should be grouped together, respondents in most cases could not imagine introducing regular lessons covering material from more than one subject into lower secondary schools. They perceived too many organizational, financial and content-related barriers, which, in their opinion, made it impossible to integrate science teaching at this level.
In the literature, social return to education is defined as the sum of human capital return and external return. The novelty of this study is that it provides an international comparison of external return to education. Many authors claim that the social return rate exceeds the pure technical rate of return by a considerable margin. However, measurement of social return is challenged methodologically and by data problems. The approach employed in this study is based on comparative advantage theory which allows control for potential endogeneity and self-selection into different streams of education. External return was found to be positive in all European countries although magnitudes varied. The external return was greater in smaller economies where there was a smaller proportion of highly educated people.
In the text, the question of inter-generational transmission of cultural heritage is addressed, with the focus on the role played by the school in that process. Through an analysis of the national educational programme, an attempt is made to reconstruct the role of national education policy in the framework. It is pointed out that official recommendations constitute only one element of the broadly defined discourse that shapes the individual, social and cultural identity of an adolescent. There-fore, an attempt is made to determine the position of the official discourse among other messages reaching the student and to assess the appeal of the concept as presented by schools in context of other narrations. Educational experiences relevant to the introduction of cultural tradition over the last forty years are referred to throughout the text and approaches accepting the role of a student as a subject creating their own identity are highlighted. Given all those observations, emphasis is placed on the role played in the education process by narrative concepts that help to explain the world.
In this article an analysis concerning the efficiency evaluation of teaching and conducting research is reported. Thirty one public higher education institutions in Poland were studied using the nonparametric DEA method in the period 2001-2008. The results of teaching were measured according to the number of full-time and part-time graduates while the results of research activities were assessed by the number of publications, citations and value of research grants. The scores of teaching and research efficiency were negatively correlated which can indicate a tradeoff between teaching and research activities.
In this article basic types of psychometric models useful in diagnostic educational measurement are presented. Particular attention is paid to a new measurement category for Polish educational psychometric models, referred to as statistical diagnostic models or cognitive diagnostic models. One of the cognitive diagnostic models: DINA was described and applied to Polish examination data (the mathematics part of the upper secondary mathematical-science exam). The article shows the benefits and limitations of the approach as an educational diagnostic measurement.
In this article, we discuss the gender differences in the predictive validity of students’ Matura results. We use the achievement indicators (school grades, grade point average and standardized exam results) from lower secondary school as predictors of success on the Matura exams. Due to a number of psychological, socio-cultural and other factors, achievement indicators may function differentially according to gender. Thus, we hypothesize that the predictive validity itself may differ for girls and boys. We analyzed two cohorts of students – the first one took the exam at the end of lower secondary school in 2011 and the Matura in 2014, the second one took its exams in 2012 and 2015. We conducted the analysis using hierarchical linear modeling and ability level estimated within the IRT paradigm. The results show the differential functioning of achievement indicators according to gender and domain tested (mathematics and literacy). Combining exam results and school grades is the best strategy to predict the Matura’s results; however, the differences in the predictive validity between girls and boys is negligible.
In this paper math anxiety and its consequences are characterized. Math anxiety is an important factor influencing math achievement. This specific type of anxiety is relatively independent of trait anxiety. When highly math anxious individuals solve math problems, their working memory capacity is restricted and their cognitive inhibition mechanisms are impaired. In the long-term, highly math anxious individuals avoid career pathways related to math. Math anxiety is also related to lower math achievement. Importantly, math anxiety is not equivalent to low math ability. Interventions aimed at reducing math anxiety lead to improvement in math achievement. It is worth noting that pre-service elementary school teachers are characterized by very high math anxiety, which may then be transferred to their pupils.
In this study – based on a Polish nationwide, representative sample of third grade primary school pupils – we analysed the relationships between position within the peer network, its structural features (cohesion, hierarchy) and preferences for heterophily (PH), i.e. the frequency of choosing children of the other sex as liked. The analysis used two-part multi-level modelling. The results indicate that: (1) PH is relatively rare; (2) girls have a slightly higher PH level than boys; (3) PH is associated with a low position within peer networks among boys but not among girls; (4) the impact of network density and centralization (network measures at the class level) on PH is not consistent as it varies depending on whether the occurrence or intensity of PH is taken into account and it additionally differs for boys and girls. The article discusses potential changes in the functions performed by PH during primary school.
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