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A psychology myth is a belief concerning the psyche or behaviour that is contradictory to accessible scientific knowledge. This issue is especially important in reference to human behavior specialists (i.e. psychologists, psychotherapists) or students of such disciplines. There are no studies concerning this issue in Polish literature, which inspired the authors to analyse the dissemination of such myths among psychology students. 241 psychology students participated in the study. They were asked to determine the veracity of a given statement, the degree of certainty and eventually, to name the source of their knowledge on the given issue. Results show a high degree of the dissemination of psychology myths among psychology students, with little difference between first year and last year students. This may indicate a need to supplement psychology study programmes and serves as evidence of the persistence of psychology myths.
A wide spectrum of research on preschool spelling development in different languages is presented. In Poland, children at kindergarten are usually at a stage of pre-literacy. Invented spelling means the writing produced by young children (aged 3–7) before they are formally taught reading and writing or are at the beginning of the learning process. Their writing is more spontaneous than learnt. The paper describes an investigation of the development of early literacy and factors influencing it, such as knowledge about orthography (spelling), early morphological awareness or teaching methods. Children’s early writing provides a window on their conceptualisation of the written language, illustrating the process of developing language awareness and spelling skills. Invented spelling, together with phonological abilities and letter knowledge is considered to be a strong predictor for later literacy skills.
A wide spectrum of research on preschool spelling development in different languages is presented. In Poland, children at kindergarten are usually at a stage of pre-literacy. Invented spelling means the writing produced by young children (aged 3–7 years) before they are formally taught reading and writing or are at the beginning of the learning process. Their writing is more spontaneous than learned. The paper describes investigations on the development of early literacy and factors influencing it, such as knowledge about orthographic (spelling) patterns, early morphological awareness or teaching methods. Children’s early writing provides a window on their conceptualisation of the written language, illustrating the process of rising language awareness and spelling skills. Invented spelling is considered, together with phonological abilities and letter knowledge, as a strong predictor of later literacy skills.
According to theory, educational goods and services have an important impact on a child’s human capital. Although the majority of educational services in Poland are delivered within a public education system, various educational costs are borne by parents. This paper looks at the socio-economic determinants of private spending on education, including fees, private tutoring and courses, educational goods and materials, and the internet. The analysis was performed using the Polish Household Budget Survey for 2009 and 2010. Results from a logit regression suggest that disposable household income per capita and parental level of education, especially mother’s level of education have the greatest impact on spending on educational goods and services. This was true for all analysed categories of expenditure. Regional disparities and community size were an important factor especially with regards to spending on private tutoring and additional courses.
Activity of parents as a determinant of educational achievement of students is considered in two ways: as an engagement in the learning process of the child and as a contact with the school. This paper is intended to signal the selected issues related to re-search of this problems. It is based mainly on American works in which these issues are widely and thoroughly analyzed. Article consists of two parts; the first shows the issues related to defining and identifying the components of engagement, the second discusses research on the relationships between parents involvement and pupils’ achievements.
Aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents can be connected with their social and cognitive competence. This article is an attempt to analyse the relationship between aggression and the development of the mentalization process as the fundamental aspect of social cognition which is closely related to the phenomenon of ‘theory of mind’. The development of ‘theory of mind’, in addition to mentalization, appears manifest in the relationship of aggressive behaviour with its primary teleological function. Recent reform of the Polish education system included the lowering of the age for compulsory education. The question of whether this may increase aggression levels in children during the first stage of education is discussed in the light of the study findings.
The aim of the article is to point out deficiencies in teaching reading in lower secondary schools inferred from results of the achievement test administered in 60 random schools from six voivodships. The analysis of the results rests on the assumption that reading is composed of several linguistic, psychological and cultural operations. The article is focused on the acquisition of vocabulary and the impact of linguistic and genetic awareness on the perception of written texts. The development of these components is particularly important in the era of orality and visuality domination.
The aim of the ISCED classification was to compare educational resources in different countries. One of the reasons why the classification fails is that it does not reflect the specific characteristics of educational systems in individual countries and as a result creates an oversimplified image of the role of education in contemporary societies. In Poland, the national classification provides a better tool than the ISCED for specifying the role of education, which is demonstrated by the results of the 2010 European Social Survey. The advantage of national classification over the ISCED follows from the fact that it takes changes and reforms in the Polish educational system into consideration. These empirical results speak for supplementing standards with national classifications for education which allow specific characteristics of education systems to be taken into account in inter-country comparison. This would be a step towards functional harmonisation, a concept abandoned after the year 2000 which was replaced with methodological rigor. In the discussion possible reasons are outlined for why researchers find using the ISCED more appropriate for their countries than constructing their own instruments.
The aim of the study described was to diagnose learning abilities of children completing the first and second stages of education. The following research questions were refined: What are the characteristics of primary school pupil learning ability: (a) in the field of operations specified by J. P. Guilford: cognition, memory, evaluation, convergent and divergent production?; (b) in terms of special abilities determining effective learning: reading ability, mathematics ability, writing abilities, creativity?; and: Are individual differences in learning ability of children significantly associated with gender and age? The SOI-Learning Abilities Test invented by Mary and Robert Meeker was applied to 195 children, who had completed the first and second stages of education. The results showed individual differences in learning ability, which were significantly associated with gender and age. In each age group girls achieved significantly better results. Children finishing the second stage of education scored markedly lower than those finishing the first stage. Results from the 6 grade revealed that resource potential and capabilities, identified as learning abilities in third grade pupils had been lost. Further studies are needed to determine whether school offers learning conditions incompatible with developmental specificity and mechanisms for learning ability, or whether other sources should be investigated to confirm these findings.
The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of microscopic fungi colonizing dead wood of birch, beech, sycamore maple and sorb (Karkonosze Mountains), and black alder, mountain pine, willow, Swiss pine, sorb, sycamore maple and birch in the Tatras. The mycological analysis was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in the foothills and in the lower and upper montane zones of the Karkonosze Mounts, Karkonosze National Park, and in 2016 in the Białka Valley and Chochołowska Valley in the Tatras, Tatra National Park. For both, Karkonosze Mounts and Tatras, the dominant microscopic fungi inhabiting dead wood belonged to the genus Trichoderma. The Mycobiota of dead wood in the lower classes of decomposition was characterized by a higher species biodiversity but the lower numbers of colonies isolated.
The aim of the study was to present the role of polymeric materials in various industries. The article discusses the statistics related to the global production of plastics in the years 1950-2015. The paper presents the properties and application of polymer materials, and also made the characteristics of the processes of degradation of polymers, detailing the processes induced by chemical agents, physical and biological. Attention is paid to the characteristics of the biodegradation process. The work has also raised issues associated with the development of ever-larger amounts of polymer waste.
The aim of this article is to present the problem of differences in the level of knowledge of 20th century Polish history among students of upper secondary schools. The article begins with a theoretical and methodological context, followed by an analysis of the level of knowledge depending on students’ characteristics. Analyses were conducted according to two-level linear regression models based on data retrieved from a representative (of the population of second year upper secondary school students) survey on attitudes towards 20th century Polish history. Considerable differences were observed in the level of knowledge depending on the type of school and gender. To provide a wider context for the interpretation of these differences, additional factors – such as family, school and individual characteristics (potential interest in history and intensity of attitudes towards history) – were taken into consideration. The control of these additional factors, particularly the intensity of attitudes, reduced the effect of school type and gender, however, they still remained significant.
The aim of this article is to s summarise the evolution of labour market situation of vocational education graduates the last 20 years in Poland. With the use of statistical analysis of LFS and PIAAC data we present the main changes in the situation of vocational education graduates in respect of their quantity, employment status, wages and skills. The number of students has decreased sharply in the last 20 years at basic vocational schools rather than in technical secondary schools. Our results support the thesis that the main challenges facing vocational education in Poland is not the decline in number of students, but a strong negative selection mechanisms, low efficiency of acquiring the basic skills and too slow adaptation of vocational education to the structural changes of the economy. Therefore, we show why the key success factor of vocational education consist in developing basic skills. Introduction of German model of dual education system is unlikely to solve the most important problems of Polish vocational education.
The aim of this article is to summarise the evolution of the labour market situation of vocational education graduates in the last 20 years in Poland. With the use of statistical analyses of LFS and PIAAC data, we present the main changes in the situation of vocational education graduates in terms of their number, employment status, wages and skills. The number of students has decreased sharply in the last 20 years, in basic vocational schools, but not in vocational upper secondary schools. Our results support the thesis that the main challenges facing vocational education in Poland are not the decline in the number of students, but the strong negative selection mechanisms, low effectiveness of attaining basic skills and the inability of vocational education to quickly adapt to structural changes in the economy. We show why the key success factor of vocational education should be the development of general skills, and why introducing a dual education system is unlikely to solve its most important problems in Poland.
The aim of this study was to reveal the relationships between the teachers’ perception of various school climate/culture aspects and school academic achievement and perceived intensification of problem behaviour among young people. The anonymous survey was conducted among teachers (n = 140) from four Warsaw lower secondary schools. The study included various aspects of school climate and culture: perceived social relationships at school, the characteristic of the educational process, educational ideologies among teachers, and sense of workload. Teachers’ perception of intensification of youth problem behaviour was directly related to three factors: results-oriented teaching, acceptance of the romantic educational ideology and the negative relations between students. The higher school academic achievement was related to the length of teachers’ career, perceived students’ commitment to learning and low teachers’ sense of workload. Moreover, it turned out that the male teachers, compared to female teachers, perceived school climate as a more favourable.
Although lifelong learning seems expected within the contemporary labour market, only 1,3% of unemployed Poles participate in non-formal vocational training. Approximately half take part in training programmes organised by local labour offices, whereas the remainder initiate training on their own, which incurs expenses, but otherwise allows a free choice of training. In this paper, employment effectiveness for these two groups is compared on the basis of data from the Polish LFS of 2001–2013. For this purpose a logit model of outflows from unemployment to employment was estimated. The outcomes indicated that results of the two approaches to training differed – those initiated by the local labour office increased the probability of short term employment, whereas action initiated by the unemployed themselves led to similar effects, but mainly in the medium term. Effectiveness of training varied according to the characteristics of the unemployed.
Although the Mayr’s definition of species is commonly accepted for eukaryotic organisms, bacteria do not meet those established criteria. Thus, a special approach is necessaryto elaborate the definition resistant to such limitations as for example the lack of sexual reproduction or horizontal gene transfers. One of the most problematictaxa in microbiology is the Bacillus cereus group composed of several closely related bacteria. Thus, on the basis of this model, doubts concerning bacterial taxonomy arediscussed in the light of actual, molecular data.
Among the plant species occuring naturally in Poland, apart from edible and completely harmless to humans, there are also poisonous ones. Without specific knowledge it is not easy to recognize and distinguish them. To make it even more difficult, those plants are able to develop visually tempting fruits. Such species are the topic of this article.Plants are toxic due to the poisons they contain. Toxicity is therefore a natural method of defense against being eaten, which directly affects the survivability of species. Sometimes slight contact with a toxic plant is enough to feel detrimental consequences. In terms of the structure, toxins belong to various organic compound groups, e.g. glycosides, alkaloids or they can be derivatives of certain organic compounds. Some of them are harmful even in tiny amounts, like in a yew’s case, others- in small doses are herbal medicines known for centuries (as black elder or lily of the valley) and wreak havoc in human organisms after overdosing.
The analyses of influence of class size on academic achievement used data from study conducted in 2006 by the Regional Examination Board in Cracow (Poland). The variables explaining the achievements of lower secondary school pupils were identified using regression analysis. The model explains 71% of variance of exam results. These variables were used to identify statistical twins. Their assignment to the experimental and control group was performed in three ways: by stratification using Mahalanobis distance, matching one-to-many and one-to-one using k-means method. The last method proved the most successful. The effect of class size on student outcomes proved statistically insignificant. However, pupils from classes with below 23 pupils achieved higher mean scores than their peers from larger classes by 0.039 standard deviation.
The analyses of influence of class size on academic achievement used data from study conducted in 2006 bythe Regional Examination Board in Cracow (Poland). The variables explaining the achievements of lowersecondary school pupils were identified using regression analysis. The model explains 71% of variance ofexam results. These variables were used to identify statistical twins. Their assignment to the experimentaland control group was performed in three ways: by stratification using Mahalanobis distance, matching one-to-many and one-to-one using k-means method. The last method proved the most successful. The effect ofclass size on student outcomes proved statistically insignificant. However, pupils from classes with below23 pupils achieved higher mean scores than their peers from larger classes by 0.039 standard deviation.
The analysis of chemistry textbooks for the 3rd stage of education was carried out in order to obtain in-depth information on the degree of realization of the first educational goal from general requirements (learning outcomes) of the core curriculum: A student obtains and processes information from various sources with the use of information-communication technologies. The range of occurrence of content related to the periodic table of elements in chemistry textbooks for the 3rd stage of education was investigated. The choice of this source of information was dictated by the provisions of the curriculum for general education on the one hand, and on the other, by the fact that the periodic table is a foundation of modern chemistry – the good command of the periodic table not only allows to systematize the knowledge, but also, to anticipate and understand the properties of chemical elements. We analyzed all the series of chemistry textbooks for junior high schools, which have been approved for use in schools by the Ministry of Education since 2009. The study results indicate that the content of all series of textbooks contains the periodic table of elements along with the materials helpful in forming the skills of reading data from such source of information. The most authors of textbooks also took care of that the periodic table of elements was present in every part of the series, which should help students in consolidating the ability to use this tool. The colors most often used in periodic tables to indicate the nature of the chemical elements were different shades of blue and pink, which may help in consolidating the knowledge, but it can also lead to the formation of students’ misconceptions about the properties of elements.
The analysis presented in this article assesses the fit of the education subvention allocation among the first tier of local governments in Poland (gminas) to the costs of providing education. The first part of the paper describes the weights used in the algorithm that divides the education subvention among gminas, focusing on the changes implemented in 2015. The paper then discusses the consequences resulting from the so-called rural weights, which have a relatively large impact on the allocation of founds. A major part of the paper introduces a measure to determine the inefficiency of the division of fund among gminas. this measure allows a quantitative assessment to be made of the effects of changes introduced to the formula in 2015. Possible corrections of the weights are proposed, which allow the inefficiencies and perverse incentives of local school authorities to be reduced.
The article addresses areas for cooperation between higher and secondary education, beyond the bounds of administrative and organisational division. Also summarised is the general curriculum reform which is founded on changing the paradigm of education. Satisfying the needs of the most gifted pupils at secondary level in the public system is also described. Specific ideas are presented for how to organise cooperation between schools and universities for work with gifted students. The strengths and weaknesses of the present Polish assessment system are pointed out, together with its role in improving school education. The article draws attention to the difficulty posed by exams in terms of admission to higher education and highlights the need for co-operation between the systems of national examination and higher education.
The article analyses the economic and non-economic determinants of the decision to offer apprenticeships to young workers in a company. The analysis was based on interviews with employers conducted as a part of the BECKER study in 2014. The authors briefly review the literature on the costs and benefits of apprenticeship training. The analysis of the collected qualitative data helped to identify the major costs, benefits and risks associated with apprenticeship training in Polish companies. The article also shows how employers may perceive the overall balance of costs and benefits of apprenticeship training. It was found that profitability could be equally dependent on economic factors (the short or long-term cost-effectiveness of investments in apprenticeship training), as well as non-economic factors (e.g. the need for companionship, the desire to maintain a given profession, a sense of mission to support young people from the local community).
The article analyses the factors determining the preferences of local councillors to the decentralization of education. The question of whether the decentralization of education policy is a priority for local authorities is examined. We take into account both the individual features of the councillors as well as the characteristics of the municipalities. The empirical study is based on a logit model and used data collected in a survey, which was part of the BECKER project, as well as data from the Local Data Bank and the Ministry of Finance. The results indicate that in addition to factors related to the financial situation of the municipality (level of spending autonomy and wealth) and the characteristics of citizens (education, income), preferences are influenced by the fact that a councillor has a child of school age.
The article approaches the question of how provisions for the 2008 core curriculum are implemented at lower secondary school within the sub-area of linguistic awareness. It also covers, how Polish language grammar is taught, and student results. Data was obtained from the study: Didactics of literature and Polish language in middle school under the new core curriculum, including results from: tests measuring knowledge and skills involving linguistic awareness, non-participant observation of language classes, information collected from interviews with teachers and students, and questionnaires. The analysis of this varied data allowed construction of a multi-faceted image of linguistic awareness teaching in middle school which emerged to appear highly traditional and geared towards theoretical knowledge of the Polish language. This model does not satisfy the principles for functional language teaching, as prescribed by the new core curriculum. This may explain, why many middle school students experience difficulty in the application of their abstract knowledge to practical situations.
The article compares two methods used to detect differential item functioning (DIF) of dichotomously scored items: a nonparametric solution based on the Mantel–Haenszel procedure (MH) and a parametric IRT approach with a likelihood ratio test. A Monte Carlo experiment was performed in order to evaluate performance of both statistics in various conditions of DIF uniformity. Results confirmed the theoretical prediction that the MH test has greater statistical power in detecting uniform DIF than the likelihood ratio test and less power than the LR test in cases of non-uniform DIF. Apart of examining statistical power of the test, specific measures of DIF effect size were compared: MH D–DIF and three measures of P–DIF expressed on the item easiness scale.
The article considers the consequences of abandoning the axiological ambiguity beyond the sphere of human reflection and experience (including that impinging on students – as shown by analytical and interpretive material). The inherent hazards of creating an image of a world closed in extreme binary oppositions is pointed out. It is shown to risk human (student) alienation from reality and a shift of this reality and the human into artificial formations. Another risk is transformation of values into a set of anti-values which exclude any interpersonal agreement. This may result in a situation in which construction of personal axiological space only occurs at the expense of discrediting values of others and denying their rights to hold them in the first place. In effect, another world is created, in which there is no place for the human being.
The article deals with teaching literature in the context of individual reading experience. Creating the analogy between reading and journey, questions are posed about the student’s freedom as reader, privacy and the uniqueness of the act of individual reading in the educational process. This culminates with the basic question of whether a reader needs school. The main analysis, supported by references to works of Certeau, Izer and Nietzsche, concentrates on the problems of change of status and function of literature in contemporary life, both social and individual, rejection of reading, preservation of passive attitude through educational routine and identification of knowledge about literature with the experience of its reception. Conclusions concentrate on redefinition of the aims of literary education, presentation of reading as an existential need and also deal with the reader’s freedom and responsibility, the role of school in building the reader’s competence, as well as with the range and form of the teacher’s activity. The author postulates structural changes which would allow introduction of a variety of organizational solutions and classes focusing on literature.
The article demonstrates the consequences on validity when test items are misclassified as constructed-response but in fact function as selected-response. From the review of items included in the scientific part of the national exam (2002–11) that concludes 3-year lower secondary school, 9 items, which were classified as constructed-response but functioning in content and psychometrically as selected-response, were identified. One such item was examined in a case study using IRT modelling. The study showed how guessing of correct responses to items might influence test validity when using an incorrectly classified format.
The article describes occupational therapy applied to the elderly and presents differences in the definition of occupational therapy in Poland and elsewhere, related to various methods of therapy. In Poland, occupational therapy is mainly art therapy and components of occupational and social therapy. Often it is combined with improvement of work skills. Outside Poland, occupational therapy also includesintervention in the patient’s living environment and places special emphasis on daily activities. The aim of this occupational therapy is to promote welfare and to enable people to perform their routine daily activities. Occupational therapy in Poland requires better compliance with standards developed by the international associations of occupational therapy (WFOT, COTEC).
The article describes school culture and reports studies in which this construct was used to explain student risky behaviours. School culture embraces assumptions, values and beliefs shared by the school community. Teachers’ caring attitudes and commitment, clarity of school norms and rules and the high value of academic achievement have been proved to have a positive influence on school effectiveness and student healthy development. Research on school culture, similarly to studies on school climate, integrate diverse research communities interested in school performance and the effectiveness of prevention programs.
The article describes the debate on the teacher’s role in the dynamic reality of the Polish education system and the impact of individual experience in the uptake of innovation to professional change. In the first part, teacher awareness concerning the necessary changes is considered, while in the second, the results from research using the innovative educational tool “Gramy w piktogramy” (“We play pictograms”) – supporting mathematical skills in primary education – are presented. Changes to teachers’ opinions in three dimensions (educational pessimism, educational formalism, promoting students own activities) are also included as support for the conclusions. Influencing significant change to teachers’ outlook is possible but a long-term process, both requiring sustained encouragement from education authorities and a bottom-up approach. Nevertheless, the crux of the problem is to instill the belief into teachers that profound change in primary education is vital.
The article describes the importance of spatial data resources and GIS tools in environmental education. Data resources available at European and national level andpossibilities of their use in education have been presented. Assessment of usefulness of these resources for environmental education objectives was made. Examples of useof spatial data in environmental education are presented.
The article discusses interplay between institutions in higher education (HEIs) and the socio-economic environment. Analysis of the formal and legal conditions and changes in the HEI environment shows that cooperation is becoming an increasingly important dimension in management. In this paper, a tendency in the institutionalisation of these relations and the effects of a new mechanism for distribution of benefits on their shaping was observed, and which was characteristic of the stakeholder theory presented. The empirical section investigates the regional perspective for missions and development strategies of HEIs in the presence of certain categories of external stakeholders. The study showed that HEIs most frequently addressed cooperation with representatives of business and public authorities. HEIs recognised these two types of entity as external stakeholders in the region. It was also found that type of HEI influenced its orientation to cooperation. State higher schools of vocational education were the most friendly towards cooperation with regional stakeholders.
The article discusses reading from the perspective of human inquiry into the nature of experience. The author pinpoints a dual problem. The first relates to difficulties with definition of experience in the philosophical tradition. The second is an influence of 20th century theories which replace the concept of interpretation with the concept of reading. The main thesis of the article argues for the necessity to enter a new reflection on the experience of reading away from its essentialistic tendency, to be more based on pragmatics and performatics. This could be followed by questions about how literature works, the kind of experience that is created in the process of reading and how people should be inspired to embrace literature. In view of the reading crisis and the crisis of classics these questions seem crucially important.
The article discusses the problem of the influence of vocational activity in the course of learning in upper secondary school on the process of identity formation in two areas: the dimensions of personal identity development and identity capital – a sense of adulthood and a sense of integration with the community. Two questionnaires were used: the Polish adaptations of the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS/PL), and the Identity Stage Resolution Index (ISRI/PL). Measurements were taken twice – at the beginning and end of the 2014/2015 school year. The longitudinal study included 1322 students of all years of: basic vocational school, upper secondary vocational school and upper secondary general school. The analysis of the results revealed an increase of commitment making among those students who began to work during the school year, which occurred between the first and second round of measurements. This effect was not dependent on the type of school. It was also found that among upper secondary general school students and upper secondary vocational school students, there was a significant increase in the sense of adulthood during the year. Among upper secondary general school students, both indicators of identity capital (a sense of adulthood and a sense of integration with the community) increased among those who did not begin to work, as well as in those who began to work during the school year, in which the research was conducted.
Article discusses the problem of the parental informal educational role in the use of media by young children. The aim of the research was to identify the determinants for active and passive media mediation. Based on interviews with parents of 313 children aged from six months to six years and six months, it was found that during this period the frequency of active mediation increases. Active mediation depends on the size of the family in which a child is growing up. Parents’ belief about positive media effects promotes viewing together with children. The frequency of passive media mediation is lower, the more family screen-media are a regular part of the child’s environment. Active and passive media mediation are more frequently applied by parents that are more aware of potential negative media effects.
The article discusses the specific character of changes in the assessment of the sense of social integration in the classroom between primary school third- and sixth-graders, and their social, demographic and cognitive determinants, with special consideration given to a pupil’s position in the sociometric network. The analysis of latent growth curves – based on a scalar longitudinal measurement invariance, the bifactor model of the Perceived Peer Integration Questionnaire (PPI) and three rounds of the nationwide study School determinants of educational effectiveness (N = 4349) – indicates that the second stage of learning in primary school is characterised by a more negative perception of peer integration in classroom settings, which cannot be explained by socio-demographic variables nor the relationships taking place within peer networks. This indicates that it may be linked to developmental changes rather than to the actual deterioration of peer relations.
The article discusses the specific character of changes in the evaluation of the sense of social integration in the classroom between third and sixth graders in primary school, and their social, demographic and cognitive determinants, with special consideration given to the position in the sociometric network. The analysis of latent growth curves – based on a scalar longitudinal measurement invariance, a bifactor model of the Perceived Peer Integration Questionnaire (PPI) and three rounds of the nationwide study School conditions of education effectiveness (N = 4349) – indicate that the second stage of learning in primary school is characterised by more negative perceptions of social integration in classroom settings, which cannot be explained either by socio-demographic variables or the relationships taking place within peer networks. This indicates that it might be linked to developmental changes rather than the actual worsening of peer relations.
The article documents a preliminary description of Polish teacher attitudes based on data collected from a representative sample of teachers describing their work habits and occupational experience in and out of school. Cluster analysis allowed identification of five distinct groups. Of particular note but difficult to describe in detail is the group who dedicate exceptionally long hours to work. The most numerous cluster includes those who could be described as “needing support”, who have little work experience and spend relatively little time engaged with their work.
The article explores „the school climate” construct and its implementation in research of school institutions effectiveness. Like individuals have their unique „personality”, the schools have their own „climate”. Neither the personality of individuals nor school climate can be explained by a sum of individual qualities. Results of the researches indicate that a positive school climate is related to lower rates of risky youth behaviours. School-based prevention activities should include a creation of a climate that supports youth positive development within a school institution.
The article explores young people’s reluctance to read literature and how to motivate a generation of digital natives to reach for a book. The author reflects on literary education inspired by a literary criticism workshop. Special attention is drawn to the most recent literature as particularly motivating because it poses a challenge to both teachers and pupils. Additional approaches for teachers to consider in order to nurture an affinity for reading include rejection of instrumentalism in literary education (e.g. teaching to the test) and expression of the teacher’s personal fascination with literature and organization of classes in “the free zone of reading”.
The article focuses on the role and importance of external examinations in our school system. The starting point for research presented in the paper are expected alterations which should have occurred after the introduction of external examinations and bringing the next stage of education secondary school into being. The main research problem was to determine the positive and negative influence of external examinations system on the educational process and assessment in secondary school. The most important was to determine the dimension of external examinations influences on school assessment system and question, how they would affect the cognitive realm and the personality of students. Inappropriate use of external examinations system may cause irreversible (not always beneficial) changes in students graduating from those schools.
The article focuses on the value of reading and the enjoyment of this activity by pupils of lower secondary schools. The subject of the analysis is the relationship of different factors on attitudes towards reading: gender and the social status of pupils’ families. The aim of the analysis is to find out if reading books and engagement in reading could overcome the negative influence of low social and cultural capital and gender on reading performance and educational outcomes. The study is based on the results of three editions of national surveys on reading among pupils of lower secondary schools conducted in 2003, 2010, 2013 and two editions of the PISA international survey from 2000 and 2009.
The article focuses on the value of reading and the enjoyment of this activity by students of lower secondary schools. The subject of the analysis is the relationship of different factors on attitudes towards reading: gender and the social status of students’ families. The aim of the analysis is to learn if reading books and engagement in reading could overcome the negative influence of low social and cultural capital and gender on reading performance and educational outcomes. The study is based on the results of three editions of the national study on reading habits and attitudes among students of lower secondary schools conducted in 2003, 2010, 2013 and two editions of the PISA international survey from 2000 and 2009.
The article highlights the importance of children’s primary school experience in their transition to secondary school. Research regarding aspects of their experience is presented, mainly relevant to organization of the teaching process. Secondary education poses new challenges for children. These are described using empirical data collected in a survey of the opinions of teachers and children. An image emerges of school as an environment not conducive to adaptation to the demands of individual subject learning from the perspective of personal development.
The article is an attempt to position the Britishcultural studies tradition within contemporaryacademic debate. Although “cultural studies”is being used as a very broad term to describetheories situated between critical sociology, literarytheory, media studies and philosophy, theauthors point to the Birmingham School as thefoundation of what subsequently evolved intothe contemporary Theory. Drawing on theclassics from CCCS, the article presents currenttheoretical discourses used to reinvigorate culturalstudies and seeks new possibilities withinposthumanities and speculative realism (objectoriented-philosophy).
The article is based on students’ compositions from the Lower Secondary School Students Competence Assessment 2011 and discusses the sources of problems in assessing the linguistic accuracy of students’ written work. The reasons are both strictly linguistic in nature (e.g. it not always being clear how to classify certain textual phenomena) and extralinguistic (e.g. different examiners inconsistently evaluate the same errors). Examiners’ decisions are important in the lower secondary school examination as a quantitative scale is used to determine students’ final scores according to the number of errors identified by the examiner. The analysis presented demonstrates the unreliability of this approach. To mollify this situation, we should conduct teacher support activities and modify the method of evaluating linguistic aspects of students’ work in the public examination system.
The article is drawn from interviews and a questionnaire survey conducted on lower secondary school pupils, their teachers, parents and librarians and from analysis of student essays on reading. It attempts to answer a few pivotal questions: What kind of attitudes are reported by lowe secondary school pupils to compulsory and non-compulsory literature, and what conditions those attitudes? What are the differences between the reading attitudes of boys and girls? What is the role of the internet in developing readership? What information useful for teachers to motivate pupils to read literature can be found in the students’ essays on perception of reading? Results point to the opportunity for a break-through for Polish language teachers to attract young people, particularly boys, to reading, by looking for new approaches to motivation which respect the needs and pragmatism of their generation and their familiarity with interaction.
The article is the result of a search for an optimal model of data analysis in a study on scoring comparability and rater effect in upper secondary school leaving examination in Polish language and mathematics. The first part briefly outlines the theory on rater effect. Mainly the measurement aspect is presented, the psychological bases of the scoring process are not discussed. In the second part selected models of rater effect analysis are described. Amongst them, the hierarchical rater model with signal detection theory is considered as covering the broadest range of different types of rater effect. This model was used in simulations to check its usefulness for data analysis of upper secondary school leaving examination in Poland.
The article poses a question regarding the space for interpretation of poetry, especially facing the challenge of contemporary literature teaching. The author is highly influenced by Marjorie Perloff’s remarks and tries to reconstruct the principles which would make it possible to read a poem closely. In the final part of the article the author considers two methods for stimulation of close reading in the particular light of New Media developments.
The article presents a study concerning reasoning skills as part of the “School of independent thinking” research project. A representative group of students from five types of schools was surveyed: primary school – fourth class; high school – the first class; technical and trade schools – the first and the final years at those levels. The analysis revealed pupils’ vision of school, education and some information about their values. The vast majority declared in their essays the need of existing such an educational institution as school. Among the values most frequently pupils mentioned about education, friendship, interesting work, love, safety, health or tolerance.
The article presents an analysis of data gathered to assess the package “Playing with pictograms”. The package is intended as support for the development of symbolic language skills by influencing the way teachers teach mathematics during the first years of primary school. The research was conducted using a cluster-randomised repeated measures experimental design with a control group. The main research problem investigated change in the level of relevant student skills, specifically associated with the package. IRT modeling and multilevel regression were employed in the analysis. Results demonstrated significant improvement in the use of symbolic language derived from the package.
The article presents an efficiency evaluation for teaching and research in Polish institutions of higher education. Thirty one public universities in Poland were studied using the nonparametric DEA method from 2001 to 2008. Teaching outcomes were evaluated by the numbers of full-time and part-time graduates, while research activities were assessed by number of publications, citations and value of research grants. The scores for teaching and research efficiency were negatively correlated, which could indicate a trade-off between teaching and research activities.
The article presents the analysis of data gathered to assess the package “We play pictograms”. The package is intended as support for the development of symbolic language skills by influencing the way teachers teach mathematics during the first years of primary school. The research was conducted using a cluster-randomized repeated measures experimental design with a control group. The main research problem investigated change in the level of relevant student skills, specifically associated with the package. IRT modeling and multilevel regression were employed in the analysis. Results demonstrated significant improvement in the use of symbolic language derived from the package.
The article presents the author’s strategy for teaching literature and media studies, the goal of which is to, encourage sustained and more serious reading of literature and appreciation of other worthy texts within the school system. The author refers to cognitive film theory as well as to experience of literature teaching and criticism. The core of the proposition is to encourage educators to launch a school strategy of text evaluation after categorization. The author also recommends a comparison of literature with filmic texts. The strategy described in the article equips pupils with the chance to use the critic’s technique during lessons. It may offer an opportunity to revitalize the teaching of literature, literary appreciation and film studies.
The article presents the career aspirations of parents of primary school students in relation to their children. In years 2011 and 2014 twice was examined the same sample (of approximately 5000 parents). Aspirations of parents are concentrated mainly in professions requiring higher education and training, and they are very stable. There is a clear division in the professions of „female” and „male” types. Parental aspirations have not noted the impact of change manners, and situation in the labour market. The research results are discussed on the background of the results of similar studies conducted in recent years.
The article presents the impact of the introduction of lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-Fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, middle and popular) and each of them produces a specific lifestyle and style of education. The education style of a class provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realised in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). The changes taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s in western countries. They include the economisation of education, the parameterisation and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organised in 2013–2014: Cultural practices of the working class (120 IDIs) and Class differences in cultural practices in the North-Eastern Poland (60 IDIs). The findings become the basis of formulating new theoretical and research proposals for the field of education.
The article presents the impact of the introduction of the lower secondary schools on the educational style of the working and rural classes in Poland. This particular reform is seen as one of the elements of change to the education system adapting it to the general parameters of post-fordism. The author supports the theory of Pierre Bourdieu, which states that society is divided into three social classes (upper, lower secondary and popular) and each of them produces a specific class lifestyle and class style of education. The class style of education provides individuals with certain dispositions to educational institutions and school careers, which are realized in the form of social practices (selection of specific type of schools, learning techniques, ways of spending time, etc.). Changes that have been taking place in the education system in Poland over the last 15 years, i.e. since the 1999 reform, are similar to processes that have taken place in the 1980s and 1990s in Western countries. They include the economization of education, the parameterization and quantification of educational results, as well as the introduction of market mechanisms for managing and financing state-owned schools. The article is based on individual in-depth interviews conducted during two field studies organized in 2013–2014: “Cultural practices of the popular class” (120 IDIs) and “The class diversity of cultural practices in north-eastern Poland” (60 IDIs).
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